Bagaimana menemukan catatan yang hampir serupa di sql?

Kriteria pencarian seperti itu tidak akan dapat menggunakan indeks apa pun, tetapi dapat dilakukan...

SELECT
  *
FROM
  yourTable
WHERE
  N-M <= CASE WHEN yourTable.field1 = searchValue1 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END
       + CASE WHEN yourTable.field2 = searchValue2 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END
       + CASE WHEN yourTable.field3 = searchValue3 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END
       ...
       + CASE WHEN yourTable.fieldN = searchValueN THEN 1 ELSE 0 END

Demikian pula, jika kriteria pencarian Anda ada di tabel lain...

SELECT
  *
FROM
  yourTable
INNER JOIN
  search
    ON N-M <= CASE WHEN yourTable.field1 = search.field1 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END
            + CASE WHEN yourTable.field2 = search.field2 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END
            + CASE WHEN yourTable.field3 = search.field3 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END
            ...
            + CASE WHEN yourTable.fieldN = search.fieldN THEN 1 ELSE 0 END

(Anda perlu mengisi nilai N-M sendiri)

EDIT:

Pendekatan yang lebih panjang lebar, yang dapat membuat beberapa penggunaan indeks...

SELECT
    id,  -- your table would need to have a primary key / identity column
    MAX(field1)   AS field1,
    MAX(field2)   AS field2,
    MAX(field3)   AS field3,
    ...
    MAX(fieldN)   AS fieldN
FROM
(
    SELECT * FROM yourTable WHERE field1 = searchValue1
    UNION ALL
    SELECT * FROM yourTable WHERE field2 = searchValue2
    UNION ALL
    SELECT * FROM yourTable WHERE field3 = searchValue3
    ...
    SELECT * FROM yourTable WHERE fieldN = searchValueN
)
    AS unioned_seeks
GROUP BY
    id
HAVING
    COUNT(*) >= N-M

Di mana Anda memiliki indeks pada setiap bidang secara individual, dan di mana Anda mengharapkan jumlah kecocokan yang relatif rendah untuk setiap bidang mungkin ini mengungguli opsi pertama, dengan mengorbankan kode yang sangat berulang.